She is usually referred to as Eva Per. At 1. 5 in 1. 93. A fact which made this work a little more difficult, because it's the source for some kind of confusion, are those three years Irene 'skipped' somewhere between her. Arguably the foremost social theorist of the twentieth century, Max Weber is known as a principal architect of modern social science along with Karl Marx. Hermann Hesse (July 2, 1877 – August 9, 1962) was a German-Swiss poet, novelist, and painter. In 1946, he received the Nobel Prize in Literature. This is a list of Alternate histories existing on this site. Feel free to add your own! Rumors of a new land to the west causes William The Conqueror and Harold. France, the first military power at the end of the First World War, was the first to be defeated in the Second. In this context, the French foreign policy, from 1919. Lebensraum (German pronunciation: The Inspiration - There's more to batteries than you might think. We think of a battery today as a source of portable power, but it is no exaggeration to. Buenos Aires to pursue a career as a stage, radio, and film actress. She met Colonel Juan Per. The two were married the following year. She also ran the Ministries of Labor and Health, founded and ran the charitable Eva Per. However, opposition from the nation's military and bourgeoisie, coupled with her declining health, ultimately forced her to withdraw her candidacy. Her baptismal certificate, however, lists the date of birth as 7 May 1. Eva Mar. Her father, Juan Duarte, was descended from French Basque immigrants, meanwhile her mother Juana Ibarguren, was descended from Spanish Basque immigrants. At that time in rural Argentina, it was not uncommon for a wealthy man to have multiple families. Ibarguren and her children were forced to move to the poorest area of Jun. Los Toldos was a village in the dusty region of Las Pampas, with a reputation as a desolate place of abject poverty. To support herself and her children, Ibarguren sewed clothes for neighbors. The family was stigmatized by the abandonment of the father and by the illegitimate status of the children under Argentine law, and was consequently somewhat isolated. A desire to expunge this part of her life might have been a motivation for Eva to arrange the destruction of her original birth certificate in 1. Although Juana and the children were permitted to enter and pay their respects to Duarte, they were promptly directed out of the church. Juan Duarte did not want her husband's mistress and children at the funeral and, as those of the legitimate wife, her orders were respected. Prior to abandoning Juana Ibarguren, Juan Duarte had been her sole means of support. Biographer, John Barnes, writes that after this abandonment, all Duarte left to the family was a document declaring that the children were his, thus enabling them to use the Duarte surname. To pay the rent on their single- roomed home, mother and daughters took up jobs as cooks in the houses of the local estancias. Eventually, owing to Eva's older brother's financial help, the family moved into a bigger house, which they later transformed into a boarding house. One of her favorite pastimes was the cinema. Though Eva's mother apparently had a few plans for Eva, wanting to marry her off to one of the local bachelors, Eva herself dreamed of becoming a famous actress. In 1. 93. 4, at the age of 1. In 1919, after the end of World War I, Black sharecroppers in Arkansas began to unionize. This attempt to form unions, triggered white vigilantism and mass killings. Industry information at your fingertips. Over 200,000 Hollywood insiders. Enhance your IMDb Page. Four Latina maids with ambition and dreams of their own work for the rich and famous in Beverly Hills. Eva escaped her poverty- stricken village when, according to popular myth, she ran off with a young musician to the nation's capital of Buenos Aires. The young couple's relationship would end almost as quickly as it began, but Eva remained in Buenos Aires. She began to pursue jobs on the stage and the radio, and eventually became a film actress. Eva had a series of relationships, and via some of these men she did acquire a number of her modeling appointments. She bleached her natural black hair to blond, a look she would maintain for the duration of her life. Eva's sisters maintain that Eva traveled to Buenos Aires with their mother. The sisters also claim that Do. The center of the city had many caf. In direct contrast, the 1. The city was especially overcrowded during this period because of the migrations caused by the Great Depression. On 2. 8 March 1. 93. Mrs. In 1. 94. 2, Eva experienced some economic stability when a company called Candilejas (sponsored by a soap manufacturer) hired her for a daily role in one of their radio dramas called Muy bien, which aired on Radio El Mundo (World Radio), the most important radio station in the country at that time. Eventually, Eva Duarte came to co- own the radio company. By 1. 94. 3, Eva Duarte was earning five or six thousand pesos a month, making her one of the highest- paid radio actresses in the nation. Pablo Raccioppi, who jointly ran Radio El Mundo with Eva Duarte, is said to have not liked her, but to have noted that she was . In one of her last films, La cabalgata del circo (The Circus Cavalcade), Eva played a young country girl who rivaled an older woman, the movie's star, Libertad Lamarque. As a result of her success with radio dramas and the films, Eva achieved some financial stability. In 1. 94. 2, she was able to move into her own apartment in the exclusive neighborhood of Recoleta, on 1. Calle Posadas. The next year Eva began her career in politics, as one of the founders of the Argentine Radio Syndicate (ARA). He is the only Argentine President accompanied by the First Lady in an official portrait. On 1. 5 January 1. San Juan, Argentina, killing some 1. He devised a plan to have an . After a week of fundraising, all participants met at a gala held at Luna Park Stadium in Buenos Aires to benefit earthquake victims. It was at this gala, on 2. January 1. 94. 4, that Eva Duarte first met Colonel Juan Per. Eva referred to the day she met her future husband as her . Therefore, she never argued with Per. He had come to politics late in life, and was therefore free of preconceived ideas of how his political career should be conducted, and he was willing to accept whatever aid she offered him. Shortly after the union formed, Eva Duarte was elected its president. Fraser and Navarro speculate that Juan Per. Shortly after her election as president of the union, Eva Duarte began a daily program called Toward a Better Future, which dramatized in soap opera form the accomplishments of Juan Per. When she spoke, Eva Duarte spoke in ordinary language as a regular woman who wanted listeners to believe what she herself believed about Juan Per. President Pedro Pablo Ram. On 2. 4 February 1. Ram. Fraser and Navarro claim that, by this point, Per. Crassweller claims that this moment was very powerful because it was very dramatic and recalled many important aspects of Argentine history. Crassweller writes that Juan Per. Crassweller also claims that the evening contained . This version of events was popularized in the movie version of the Lloyd Webber musical. Most historians, however, agree that this version of events is unlikely. She had no political clout with the various labor unions, and it is claimed that she was not well- liked within Per. In reality, the massive rally that freed Per. To this day, the date of 1. October is something of a holiday for the Justicialist Party in Argentina (celebrated as D. What would follow was shocking and nearly unheard of. The well connected and politically rising star, Juan Peron, married Eva. Despite Eva's childhood illegitimacy, and having an uncertain reputation, Peron was in love with Eva, and her loyal devotion to him even while he had been under arrest touched him deeply, and so he married her, providing a respectability she had never known. Eva and Juan were married discreetly in a civil ceremony in Jun. Eva campaigned heavily for her husband during his 1. Using her weekly radio show, she delivered powerful speeches with heavy populist rhetoric urging the poor to align themselves with Per. Though she had become wealthy from her radio and modeling success, she highlighted her own humble upbringing as a way of showing solidarity with the impoverished classes. Along with her husband, Eva visited every corner of the country, becoming the first woman in Argentina's history to appear in public on the campaign trail with her husband. Eva's appearance alongside her husband often offended the establishment of the wealthy, the military, and those in political life. However, she was very popular with the general public who knew her from her radio and motion picture appearances. It was during this phase of her life that she first encouraged the Argentine population to refer to her not as . Biographers Fraser and Navarro write that the tour had its genesis in an invitation the Spanish leader had extended to Juan Per. For political reasons it was decided that Eva, rather than Juan Per. Fraser and Navarro write that Argentina had only recently emerged from its . Therefore, a visit to Franco, with Ant. Fraser and Navarro write that Eva decided that, if Juan Per. Advisors then decided that Eva should visit many European countries in addition to Spain. This would make it seem that Eva's sympathies were not specifically with Franco's fascist Spain but with all of Europe. The tour was billed not as a political tour but as a non- political . Francoist Spain had not recovered from the Spanish Civil War (the autarkic economy and the UN embargo meant that the country could not feed its people). During her visit to Spain, Eva handed out 1. She also received from Franco the highest award given by the Spanish government, the Order of Isabella the Catholic. Eva then visited Rome, where the reception was not as warm as it had been in Spain. Though Pope Pius XII did not give her a Papal decoration, she was allowed the time usually allotted queens and was given a rosary. She visited the Palace of Versailles, among other sites. She also met with Charles de Gaulle. She promised France two shipments of wheat. While in France, Eva received word that George VI would not receive her when she planned to visit Britain, regardless of what his Foreign Office might advise. Fraser and Navarro wrote that Eva regarded the royal family's refusal to meet her as a snub, and canceled the trip to the United Kingdom. According to the book Evita: A Biography by John Barnes, while she traveled down a street with many people crowding her car, someone threw two stones and smashed the windshield. She threw her hands up in shock, but was not injured. Later, while sitting with the Foreign Minister, protesters threw tomatoes at her. The tomatoes hit the Foreign Minister and splattered on Eva's dress. After these two events, Eva had had enough, and after two months returned to Argentina. Members of the Peronist opposition speculated that the true purpose of the European tour was to deposit funds in a Swiss bank account. The foreign policy of France between 1. France, the first military power at the end of the First World War, was the first to be defeated in the Second. In this context, the French foreign policy, from 1. Probably because of its heroic resistance of 1. Channel and by the courage of its people, the UK escapes this condemnation. Churchill makes us forget Chamberlain; the ’blood and tears’ announced by the former have taken precedence over the’ ’peace for a generation’ promised by the latter after Munich. These judgments interpret history in the light of its outcome, the Hitlerian aggression, and consider that the actors had to foresee it and do everything to avoid it. Their failure would be sheer stupidity, cowardice or treason. But the men of 1. This article will try to examine the foreign policy of France from 1. June 1. 94. 0. It will not dwell on the details of events but will look for the reasons of a tragedy that led on the Champs Elys. The French armies had borne the brunt of the burden on the Western front where the war was won; a French Field Marshall was commanding in 1. Allied forces. Germany had asked for an armistice but what about the reality of power in Europe? A France of 4. 0 million of inhabitants, with a declining population and an economy already upgraded in 1. Germans when retreating. At Versailles, Germany has lost some provinces but the French, Polish and Danish minorities were sources of conflict. Its actual loss is in the mineral resources of Lorraine and Silesia and in its overseas investments which were seized. As for its geopolitical environment, it has changed for the better: Poland has replaced the Russian Empire and to the south, Austria- Hungary, less docile than often asserted, has been replaced by fragile states as artificial as the old Empire. Mittel Europa is awaiting its master. In other words, in 1. Europe is Germany, the country defeated on the battlefield! The French had understood it but the British and the Americans refused the solution they proposed, i. Germany. Anyway, it is doubtful that such a goal was achievable. From there stems the tragedy of the foreign policy of France from 1. Winner of the greatest war of all time, France is paradoxically led by fears because she is aware of her intrinsic weakness. This fear requires the full implementation of the Treaty of Versailles, the occupation of the Ruhr in 1. Americans and the British. In this context, from Stresemann to Hitler, the goal of the foreign policy of Germany remains the same: to give to their country a role in Europe commensurate to its power. The means to achieve this goal are different between the two men and it is not a detail as the history will prove but the logic remains the same, to repair a ’injustice’ of history, to erase the defeat and thus the victory of France. Given the horror that will follow, it seems impossible to avoid moral judgment and yet, the logic that led the young democracy of Weimar to condone the violations of the Treaty of Versailles by the Reichswehr has its logic: international relations are based on the competition and the cooperation of states on the basis of their relative power; Germany wanted to occupy its rightful place in the international life. France, during the negotiation of the peace treaty, attempted to obtain guarantees for her safety. Clemenceau gave up his claim to the annexation of the Rhineland, politically untenable, in exchange for an alliance with the United States and the United Kingdom but the refusal of the US Congress to ratify the treaty left France isolated, which will have no other choice that to cling to the full implementation of the treaty and to build alliances with the new states of Eastern Europe (Poland, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia and Romania). B/ The British refusal to see the European reality. Unlike France, which has carried out the war with the conviction of defending its territory and its existence, the United Kingdom, after 1. August 1. 91. 4. Some argue that it has been dragged into a war that was not necessary, as a result of a continental system of alliances in which it should not have been engaged. In this context, the . It was not before 1. British public will begin to wake up from this stubborn refusal to see the German danger. Moreover, the British diplomatic tradition reasserts itself in 1. France represents with her victorious army occupying the left bank of the Rhine and her allies- satellites in Eastern and Central Europe, facing an unarmed and prostrate Germany and a Russia sent back to its steppes. For a large part of the British ruling class, France, either, does not deserve any attention since its ostensible power denies her concerns for her safety or even is a source of worries at the time of a revived colonial competition. In the Middle East, come to light the contradictions between the promises made by London during the war, to the Arabs, to the Jews and to the French. Furthermore, Paris does not follow Lloyd George in his crusade against the Kemalist Turkey where he leads Greece for its biggest misfortune. The tone turns sour between the two allies. The Secretary of Foreign Office, Curzon cannot stand Poincarr. In London, the philo- germanism of a part of the ruling class, relayed by the press, is coupled with an equally strong anti- French sentiment which will run until 1. The fact is that, in 1. British diplomacy leads London to seek to limit the power of France. This reflex, which is the result of two centuries of history, is compounded by the mixed feelings awakened in the United Kingdom by the Treaty of Versailles which would be too tough for Germany and, anyway, doomed to be reviewed. The success of Keynes’s book, ’The Economic Consequences of the Peace’ which announced the collapse of Germany because of the treaty of Versailles is an illustration of this analysis. No matter that it is easy to show, in retrospect, that it was not only biased and blind to the destruction suffered by France but factually wrong, as was proven by the rapid growth of the German economy after 1. From being the aggressor, Germany became a victim; from victim, France the executioner. What is at stake is less the blinding of Keynes but the speed with which the British elite, for regret or even remorse for having been drawn into the war, by fear of the possible victory of Bolshevism in Germany and by prejudice against France, was ready to believe that the Treaty of Versailles was unfair. No one noticed in London that the UK had just got its bounty before signing the treaty, with the delivery of the German fleet and the takeover of the colonies of the enemy; that generosity was easy while the country remained safe from the immense devastation of the fighting and while the Channel ensured safety. It is therefore Paris which has the bad role, that of the beggar and of the bailiff. London and Washington may stand with the principles and contain the supposed intransigence of their ally. Hard in the eyes of the British, the treaty is therefore reviewable. This is also a tradition of a country that does not believe in permanent solutions and sustainable architectures to solve the world’s problems. There are partial and temporary responses whose quality lies in their correspondence with the reality of the moment. Foreign policy is conceived as an endless task where pragmatism should dictate flexibility to serve the interests of the UK. In this context, the Foreign Office feels no recoil to the need to revise the Treaty of Versailles if experience teaches that it is unsatisfactory or does not found a stable order in Europe. Therefore, the British policy showed a great consistency from 1. Germany peacefully regain its rightful place in the European society. Conversely, it sought to convince France to accept it by persuasion, by addressing her security concerns, by pressure and finally by a de facto trusteeship. In September 1. 93. Munich, Britain could argue to have successfully managed the revision of the Treaty of Versailles, without a new war and without compromising the security of the French ally, sheltered behind the Maginot Line, strong of a powerful army and assured of the British guarantee. It is in this context that the ’peace for a generation’ promised by Chamberlain before an ecstatic people had its logic. The German demands were met; nothing precluded a new agreement between London and Berlin. On December 6th, 1. France and Germany signed a joint statement affirming their intention to develop their relations ’in a peaceful way’, while considering the question of their borders finally settled their borders (that is to say that of Alsace- Lorraine). Germany was not anymore a dissatisfied state and could be integrated in a new European order that would see the Continental divided between the West under the British leadership and the East where sooner or later, Germany and the USSR should fight. In 1. 92. 3, during the Rhur crisis, the British foreign policy might have returned to its roots by opposing the supposed French hegemony on the continent. The collision with France would have been unavoidable; the rapprochement with Germany necessary. Disagreements were not wanting, quarrels and disappointments either till 1. Indeed, the United Kingdom had noticed the speed of the German offensive of 1. North Sea in a few days. It had concluded that its security should be ensured on the eastern border of France and of Belgium. If Clemenceau does not get that the Anglo- Saxon allies fulfill their promise to give their formal guarantee to France, London hiding behind the defection of Washington, the reality is that of a de facto British commitment to the French eastern border that took a multilateral form in 1. Locarno and was reiterated in Berlin in 1. But this guarantee is not an alliance: Britain sees the France as a buffer state but not as an ally whose initiatives it supports.
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